Modernism is "In the field of art the broad movement in Western art, architecture and design which self-consciously rejected the past as a model for the art of the present." (Tate, 2011)
Which I think means that artists and architects decided that they'd try to do things in as different a way as possible to how things had been done before. This was done in a way to explore new ways of doing things, like Picasso, or a way of streamlining things like Harry Beck.
Within modernism there were many art movements, Dadaism, cubism, surrealism, minimalism to name a few. Art from these movements has a striking difference to what I think of as traditonal art. They are very minimal, focussing far less on making the artwork mimic how it would look in real life and instead being a lot more about the message that's being delivered.
I think cameras are largely to blame for this as they made photorealistic paintings pointless, this meant that artists had to try harder to create something worth paying attention to.
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